1. US citizens are ——–to radiation 4times more than normal citizens in the rest of the world due to their overuse of electronic devices with high radioactivity.

2. In India, people who die in rural areas are less likely than city-dwellers to be brought to morgues, which is legally —- in the country.

3. A(n) ——- is growing between dentists and dental hygienists over the necessity of wearing highly protective N95 masks against COVID-19.

4. Pure alcohol is known to evaporate too quickly to —- kill bacteria or viruses on human skin, especially during winter when the air is less humid and the conditions are more suitable.

5. A worsening of symptoms due to exposure to higher temperatures is an electrical sensation that —- the back when bending the neck.

6. The donor’s blood is withdrawn through a sterile needle in one arm and is —- a machine that removes white blood cells.

7. Researchers found that 22 percent of youth who received 12 weeks of treatment —- an anxiety disorder stayed in remission over the long term, meaning they did not meet diagnostic criteria —- any anxiety disorder

8. Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs —- the normal catabolic pathway breaking down heme in vertebrates and this catabolism is a necessary process in the body’s clearance of waste products that arise —- the destruction of aged or abnormal red blood cells.

9. A patient admitted —- the hospital is usually under the care of a specific team based —- their main presenting problem.

10. Medieval medicine —- that illnesses spread from person to person, certain lifestyles may cause ill health, and some people —- a greater predisposition towards bad health than others.

11. Avicenna —- whether events like rare diseases or disorders —- natural causes.

12. —- the disease progresses to become severe, it can stop a person from performing basic, everyday tasks and recognizing or communicating with friends or family.

13. Several signs and symptoms have been marked for the onset of diabetes —- scientists labeled most of the ones in 1970s.

14. Race and ethnicity are known to play a major role in donor recruitment drives, —-members of the same ethnic group are more likely to have matching genes.

15. —- the new variant of the global virus surfaces in multiple countries, many scientists are calling for governments to strengthen existing control measures.

16. Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs, —- the most common places for metastases to occur are the lungs, liver, brain and the bones.

17. Active growth of the tumor is restricted to the outer edges of the tumor and that stiffening of the underlying normal tissue inhibits tumor growth —-.

18. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists in growing abnormally, —- the original trigger is removed.

19. It can be dangerous to biopsy several types of tumors —- leakage may potentially be catastrophic.

20. The hemoglobin gets stripped of the heme molecule which passes through various processes of porphyrin catabolism, depending on the part of the body —-the breakdown occurs.

21. – 25. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

The most important psychopathological syndromes (21) —- into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin. The first group, (22) —- includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive. The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome. The third includes (23) —- severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia. In Kraepelin’s era, epilepsy was (24) —- as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered “genuine epilepsy” a “psychosis”, and described “the three major psychoses” (25) —- schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.

The most important psychopathological syndromes (21) —- into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin. The first group, (22) —- includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive. The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome. The third includes (23) —- severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia. In Kraepelin’s era, epilepsy was (24) —- as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered “genuine epilepsy” a “psychosis”, and described “the three major psychoses” (25) —- schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.

The most important psychopathological syndromes (21) —- into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin. The first group, (22) —- includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive. The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome. The third includes (23) —- severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia. In Kraepelin’s era, epilepsy was (24) —- as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered “genuine epilepsy” a “psychosis”, and described “the three major psychoses” (25) —- schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.

The most important psychopathological syndromes (21) —- into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin. The first group, (22) —- includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive. The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome. The third includes (23) —- severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia. In Kraepelin’s era, epilepsy was (24) —- as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered “genuine epilepsy” a “psychosis”, and described “the three major psychoses” (25) —- schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.

The most important psychopathological syndromes (21) —- into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin. The first group, (22) —- includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive. The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome. The third includes (23) —- severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia. In Kraepelin’s era, epilepsy was (24) —- as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered “genuine epilepsy” a “psychosis”, and described “the three major psychoses” (25) —- schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.

• 26 – 30. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors (26) —- by pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments. (27) —- this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard (28) —- for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines. Governments generally regulate (29) —- drugs can be marketed, how they can be sold, and in some jurisdictions, drug pricing. Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal (30) —- used drugs.

Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors (26) —- by pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments. (27) —- this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard (28) —- for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines. Governments generally regulate (29) —- drugs can be marketed, how they can be sold, and in some jurisdictions, drug pricing. Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal (30) —- used drugs.

Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors (26) —- by pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments. (27) —- this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard (28) —- for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines. Governments generally regulate (29) —- drugs can be marketed, how they can be sold, and in some jurisdictions, drug pricing. Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal (30) —- used drugs.

Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors (26) —- by pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments. (27) —- this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard (28) —- for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines. Governments generally regulate (29) —- drugs can be marketed, how they can be sold, and in some jurisdictions, drug pricing. Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal (30) —- used drugs.

Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors (26) —- by pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments. (27) —- this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard (28) —- for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines. Governments generally regulate (29) —- drugs can be marketed, how they can be sold, and in some jurisdictions, drug pricing. Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal (30) —- used drugs.

• 31 – 41. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

31. —- which is very common in children and affects approximately 1 in 5 of children in the United States.

32. —-, however, if a cyst becomes large enough, it may cause pain between the ribs and hips and press on other organs.

33. —- insulin, in this case encourages the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver, muscle, and fat cells.

34. —-, researchers have identified several factors including sex, age and race that might increase a baby’s risk.

35. —-, hence it causes reduced immunity in humans throughout their lifetime.

36. —- some people with a cow’s milk sensitivity prefer it.

37. —-, but they are typically available to those with a lower income and help provide healthcare services at little or no cost.

38. —-, it can contribute to long-term health problems like diabetes and heart disease.

39. —- the dehydration can become serious enough to damage the kidneys.

40. —- because its options are so numerous and encompass everything from physical activity to cognitive and emotional activities.

41. —-, it prevents brain cells from sending messages to each other effectively.

42 – 47. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz.

42. While the average weight for men aged 20-74 years rose dramatically from 166.3 pounds in 1960 to 191 pounds in 2002, the average weight for women the same age increased from 140.2 pounds in 1960 to 164.3 pounds in 2002.

43. Exposure to the light of white LED bulbs, it turns out, suppresses melatonin 5 times more than exposure to the light of High Pressure Sodium bulbs that give off an orange-yellow light.

44. In Japan, omega-3 intakes and blood levels are higher than most other countries in the world and the Japanese happen to live longer than most.

45. Cells and intracellular organelles were revealed, raising questions about the inner anatomy and physiology of a cell, and more powerful microscopes to understand the structures and functions of these subcellular compartments were demanded.

46. Significant potential for hazards are inherent when using a device for medical purposes and thus medical devices must be proved safe and effective with reasonable assurance before governments allow marketing of the device in their country.

47. At Hippocrates’ time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often the best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and predict its likely progression based upon data collected in detailed case histories.

48. – 53. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz.

48. Diş macununa dişeti enfeksiyonlarını azaltmak ve diş sağlığını düzeltmek amacıyla katılan bir antibakteriyel madde olan triclosan kaslarda işlev kaybı, alerjik reaksiyonlar ve kemik mineral yoğunluğunda azalmalara neden olabilir.

49. Otoimmunite tabiri insanın kendi bağışıklık sisteminin kimi zaman kendi vücut dokusunu yabancı görmesi ve ona karşı bir bağışıklık tepkisi geliştirmesi demektir.

50. Günümüze dek tam bir Alzheimer teşhisi ancak otopsi sırasında yapılabiliyordu, fakat hastalığın erken işaretlerini kan örneğinden tespit etme teknolojilerindeki ilerlemeler bu hafıza hırsızı hastalığı daha isabetli belirlemeleri için doktorlara yardımcı oluyor.

51. Doktorlar baş ağrısına neyin sebep olduğunu tam olarak bilmiyorlar, fakat acıyı algılayacak sinirleri olmadığı için beyin dokusu ve kafatasının kesinlikle sorumlu olmadığını iyi biliyorlar, fakat beyni çevreleyen dokular gibi baş ve boyundaki damarlar da acı işareti gönderebilir.

52. Kemirgenler ve domuzların bağırsakları aracılığıyla etkin şekilde nefes alabildiği bulgusu, akciğerler görevlerini yapamadığında ve mekanik ventilasyon ulaşılamaz ya da elverişsiz olduğunda vücuda oksijen sağlamak için yeni tedavi yöntemlerine zemin hazırlayabilecektir.

53. Farkındalığı kullanmak yalnızca daima ilaca bağlı olmak zorunda kalmadan süregiden kronik ağrıyı tedavi etmenin bir yolu değildir, ayrıca beynin sancılı duyguları işlemesini keserek endorfinin doğal olarak salgılanması için bir gevşeme tepkisini de tetikleyebilir.

54. – 59. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere parçada anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz.
54. Mucus is a normal, slippery and stringy fluid substance produced by many lining tissues in the body. It is produced by the mucus membranes which line your mouth, nose, throat, sinuses and lungs. It is essential for body function and acts as a protective and moisturizing layer to keep critical organs from drying out. —-. In addition, it contains antibodies and bacteria-killing enzymes to help fight off infections.

55. Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how the teenager thinks, feels and behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems. —- For instance, issues such as peer pressure, academic expectations and changing bodies can bring a lot of ups and downs for teens. But for some teens, the lows are more than just temporary feelings and they are a symptom of depression.

56. A drug allergy occurs when your immune system mistakenly identifies a drug as a harmful substance, such as a virus or bacterium. —-. This can happen the first time you take a drug, but sometimes an allergy does not develop until there have been repeated exposures. The next time you take the drug, these specific antibodies flag the drug and direct immune system attacks on the substance. Chemicals released by this activity cause the signs and symptoms associated with an allergic reaction.

57. —-. This means that certain groups experience worse health and increased difficulty accessing healthcare because of the systems that influence their lives. For example, people born in areas where poverty is high may have reduced access to safe housing, clean water, healthy food, and medical care all of which impact health. Health inequity occurs on a local, national and global scale, and it affects all countries. Changes and innovations in government policy are necessary to overcome this situation.

58. Panic attacks are more common with the use of stimulants, like caffeine, certain hereditary factors, and the occurrence of stressful situations. Certain chemical imbalances, such as those that may occur with hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism or with certain medications, can also increase the likelihood that an individual will experience a panic attack. —- This so-called ‘anticipatory anxiety’ can make the affected person retreat to the safety of home more and more often, eventually resulting in becoming house bound. This is why panic attacks need to be treated as early as possible.

59. Palliative care is generally accepted to be healthcare that alleviates symptoms and is independent of whether a cure for the condition is available. Often palliative care is associated with terminal diseases such as cancer. —-. It involves a multidisciplinary care team of doctors, nurses and other specialized health professionals that work together to provide cohesive support for patients who are suffering. It can be helpful for patients of any age and with various severities of conditions and can also be given alongside traditional curative treatment.

60. – 65. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
60.
(I) A study on acne in twins in the United States showed that twin sisters and brothers have a higher risk of getting acne. (II) Acne peaks in women during their teenage years, but it may remain common among older women, as well. (III) This was reported again in an Australian study involving adolescent twins. (IV) The study stated that 60-90% of acne shows signs of heritability. (V) In other words, more than half of the acne was caused by genetic variation in affected individuals.

61.
(I) Nightmares are detailed and frightening dreams that can lead to high levels of anxiety and terror. (II) In most cases, a person dreams about coming to some sort of harm that may involve being chased, injured or threatened in some way. (III) Some psychiatric conditions are associated with recurrent nightmares, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder. (IV) The frequency of nightmares varies from person to person so, some individuals experience nightmares only rarely, while others find nightmares disrupt their sleep every night. (V) The majority of sleep is deep dreamless sleep called non-rapid eye movement sleep while the other phase of sleep is the rapid eye movement sleep.

62.
(I) Insomnia treatment focuses on eliminating the causes, such as too much alcohol, caffeine, or exercise shortly before bedtime, and is most successful when started early. (II) Insomnia is a condition in which it is difficult to get to sleep, or to remain soundly asleep, resulting in too short and too low-quality sleep which affects normal functioning. (III) It causes fatigue and daytime sleepiness. (IV) It may be classified as acute, lasting a few days or weeks, or chronic, when it lasts longer than a month. (V) The affected person feels as though he has not slept at all or feels tired and unrefreshed on waking and sleep may be disturbed, with frequent awakenings.

63.
(I) Anandron is a medicine for treating prostate cancer in men and contains the active ingredient Nilutamide. (II) Anandron belongs to a family of medicines called non-steroidal anti-androgens. (III) These medicines work by blocking the effect of androgen hormones that are naturally produced by your body. (IV) Prostate cancer can spread to nearby organs, such as your bladder, or travel through your bloodstream or lymphatic system to your bones or other organs. (V) Prostate cancer cells are dependent on these hormones, and blocking their effect is intended to stop the growth of the cancer.

64.
(I) According to a study on people looking after patients with personality disorders, it was found that they also show the same symptoms. (II) Paranoid personality disorder is a mental illness characterized by paranoid delusions, and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others. (III) People with this paranoid personality disorder may be hypersensitive, and they are easily insulted. (IV) They habitually relate to the world by scanning of the environment for clues or suggestions that may validate their fears or biases, so they are eager observers. (V) They think they are in danger and look for signs and threats of that danger.

65.
(I) In the late 1980s, wild poliovirus paralyzed more than 1,000 children each day, according to data. (II) Since then, thanks to widespread vaccination campaigns, cases have plummeted by more than 99 percent, and two of the three types of wild poliovirus have been wiped out. (III) The last cases from type 2 and type 3 were reported in 1999 and 2012, respectively. (IV) All types of poliovirus can exchange pieces of its genome with viruses called enteroviruse. (V) Only wild poliovirus type 1 remains, and only in two countries, 56 cases were reported in Afghanistan and 83 in Pakistan caused by type 1, in 2020.

66. – 68. Soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
Before COVID-19, the popularity of hiking was on a downward slope in both adults and children. But its popularity has spiked during the pandemic, seeing many more people taking to trails than usual. Hiking is not only a great way to get outside in nature, it also has plenty of physical and mental health benefits for those who take part. Hiking differs in many ways from taking a regular stroll around your neighborhood. Not only is the terrain on many hiking routes uneven or rocky, there is also typically some change in elevation, such as going up or down hills. People also tend to wear different footwear such as hiking boots which can be heavier than what they are used to wearing. These differences in terrain and footwear mean hiking have a higher energy expenditure than walking on flat ground does. This is due to the fact that we need to use more muscles to stabilize ourselves when walking on uneven terrain. While brisk walking at a speed of around 5km/h uses up to four times as much energy as sitting down and resting, hiking through fields and hills uses over five times. This means you can achieve the recommended 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity without even needing to go for a run or head to the gym.

66. According to the passage, —-

Before COVID-19, the popularity of hiking was on a downward slope in both adults and children. But its popularity has spiked during the pandemic, seeing many more people taking to trails than usual. Hiking is not only a great way to get outside in nature, it also has plenty of physical and mental health benefits for those who take part. Hiking differs in many ways from taking a regular stroll around your neighborhood. Not only is the terrain on many hiking routes uneven or rocky, there is also typically some change in elevation, such as going up or down hills. People also tend to wear different footwear such as hiking boots which can be heavier than what they are used to wearing. These differences in terrain and footwear mean hiking have a higher energy expenditure than walking on flat ground does. This is due to the fact that we need to use more muscles to stabilize ourselves when walking on uneven terrain. While brisk walking at a speed of around 5km/h uses up to four times as much energy as sitting down and resting, hiking through fields and hills uses over five times. This means you can achieve the recommended 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity without even needing to go for a run or head to the gym.

67. One of the points dealt with in the passage that hiking boots —-

Before COVID-19, the popularity of hiking was on a downward slope in both adults and children. But its popularity has spiked during the pandemic, seeing many more people taking to trails than usual. Hiking is not only a great way to get outside in nature, it also has plenty of physical and mental health benefits for those who take part. Hiking differs in many ways from taking a regular stroll around your neighborhood. Not only is the terrain on many hiking routes uneven or rocky, there is also typically some change in elevation, such as going up or down hills. People also tend to wear different footwear such as hiking boots which can be heavier than what they are used to wearing. These differences in terrain and footwear mean hiking have a higher energy expenditure than walking on flat ground does. This is due to the fact that we need to use more muscles to stabilize ourselves when walking on uneven terrain. While brisk walking at a speed of around 5km/h uses up to four times as much energy as sitting down and resting, hiking through fields and hills uses over five times. This means you can achieve the recommended 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity without even needing to go for a run or head to the gym.

68. It is concluded from the passage that —-

69. – 71. Soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
Around 25% of adults may have a stroke in their lifetime. And around one-third of stroke survivors can be left with damage to the part of their brain that decodes and organizes language, leaving them with a disability known as aphasia. Aphasia can affect speaking and understanding as well as reading and writing abilities but does not affect intelligence. It can vary in severity from getting a few words mixed up, to being unable to say any words. Aphasia can be a difficult and frustrating disability to live with and can disrupt many aspects of a person’s life including relationships, holding down a job and social activities. As such, depression is common, affecting an estimated two-thirds of people with aphasia. Yet many people with aphasia struggle to access the psychological support they need psychological therapies, or “talk therapies”, can feel inaccessible to someone with a language disability. A research explored how psychological therapy could be made to work for people with aphasia. Working with speech and language therapists, mental health professionals and stroke survivors, it is adapted a form of psychological therapy so that it was accessible for people with aphasia. It is found that this form of therapy was valued by people with aphasia and could make a positive difference in their lives.

69. It is explicitly stated in the passage that —-

Around 25% of adults may have a stroke in their lifetime. And around one-third of stroke survivors can be left with damage to the part of their brain that decodes and organizes language, leaving them with a disability known as aphasia. Aphasia can affect speaking and understanding as well as reading and writing abilities but does not affect intelligence. It can vary in severity from getting a few words mixed up, to being unable to say any words. Aphasia can be a difficult and frustrating disability to live with and can disrupt many aspects of a person’s life including relationships, holding down a job and social activities. As such, depression is common, affecting an estimated two-thirds of people with aphasia. Yet many people with aphasia struggle to access the psychological support they need psychological therapies, or “talk therapies”, can feel inaccessible to someone with a language disability. A research explored how psychological therapy could be made to work for people with aphasia. Working with speech and language therapists, mental health professionals and stroke survivors, it is adapted a form of psychological therapy so that it was accessible for people with aphasia. It is found that this form of therapy was valued by people with aphasia and could make a positive difference in their lives.

70. We can understand from the passage that aphasia —-

Around 25% of adults may have a stroke in their lifetime. And around one-third of stroke survivors can be left with damage to the part of their brain that decodes and organizes language, leaving them with a disability known as aphasia. Aphasia can affect speaking and understanding as well as reading and writing abilities but does not affect intelligence. It can vary in severity from getting a few words mixed up, to being unable to say any words. Aphasia can be a difficult and frustrating disability to live with and can disrupt many aspects of a person’s life including relationships, holding down a job and social activities. As such, depression is common, affecting an estimated two-thirds of people with aphasia. Yet many people with aphasia struggle to access the psychological support they need psychological therapies, or “talk therapies”, can feel inaccessible to someone with a language disability. A research explored how psychological therapy could be made to work for people with aphasia. Working with speech and language therapists, mental health professionals and stroke survivors, it is adapted a form of psychological therapy so that it was accessible for people with aphasia. It is found that this form of therapy was valued by people with aphasia and could make a positive difference in their lives.

71. According to the passage, a research —-

72. – 74. Soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
The oldest and still widely used method for calculating life expectancy, and thus lifespan, relies on the Gompertz equation. This is the observation, first made in the 19th century, that human death rates from disease increase exponentially with time. There are many ways the formula can be tweaked to account for how different factors such as sex or disease affect the lifespan within a population. Gompertz calculations are also used to calculate health insurance premiums, which is why, these companies are so much interested in whether you smoke, whether you are married and anything else that might allow them to more accurately judge the age at which you will die. Another approach to figuring out how long we can live is to look at how our organs decline with age and run that rate of decline against the age at which they stop working. For example, eye function and how much oxygen we use while exercising show a general pattern of decline with aging and most calculations show that organs will function at most until the average person is around 100 years old. However, these studies also unmask increasing variation between people as they grow older. For instance, some peoples’ kidney function declines rapidly with age while in others it hardly changes at all.
72. Which of the following is true about food allergy according to the passage?

The oldest and still widely used method for calculating life expectancy, and thus lifespan, relies on the Gompertz equation. This is the observation, first made in the 19th century, that human death rates from disease increase exponentially with time. There are many ways the formula can be tweaked to account for how different factors such as sex or disease affect the lifespan within a population. Gompertz calculations are also used to calculate health insurance premiums, which is why, these companies are so much interested in whether you smoke, whether you are married and anything else that might allow them to more accurately judge the age at which you will die. Another approach to figuring out how long we can live is to look at how our organs decline with age and run that rate of decline against the age at which they stop working. For example, eye function and how much oxygen we use while exercising show a general pattern of decline with aging and most calculations show that organs will function at most until the average person is around 100 years old. However, these studies also unmask increasing variation between people as they grow older. For instance, some peoples’ kidney function declines rapidly with age while in others it hardly changes at all.

73. It is understood from the passage that —-

The oldest and still widely used method for calculating life expectancy, and thus lifespan, relies on the Gompertz equation. This is the observation, first made in the 19th century, that human death rates from disease increase exponentially with time. There are many ways the formula can be tweaked to account for how different factors such as sex or disease affect the lifespan within a population. Gompertz calculations are also used to calculate health insurance premiums, which is why, these companies are so much interested in whether you smoke, whether you are married and anything else that might allow them to more accurately judge the age at which you will die. Another approach to figuring out how long we can live is to look at how our organs decline with age and run that rate of decline against the age at which they stop working. For example, eye function and how much oxygen we use while exercising show a general pattern of decline with aging and most calculations show that organs will function at most until the average person is around 100 years old. However, these studies also unmask increasing variation between people as they grow older. For instance, some peoples’ kidney function declines rapidly with age while in others it hardly changes at all.

74. It is implied in the passage that —-

75. – 77. Soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
Myopia is on the rise. The number of children with myopia has doubled in the last 50 years. Globally, it is projected that by 2050 half of the world’s population will be myopic. Although myopia can run in families, environmental factors, such as spending too much time indoors have a large influence. But while evidence shows that modern lifestyle factors contribute to myopia, scientists still are not entirely sure why. For instance, research shows that the amount of time a child spends outdoors can play a significant role in their risk of developing myopia. Not only do most studies show that children who spend more time outdoors are less likely to develop myopia, studies requiring children to spend extra time outdoors during school hours have shown the rate of myopia onset decreased compared with children who did not spend additional time outdoors. But researchers still are not quite sure why this is the case. One theory is that the higher level of light outdoors releases more dopamine into our retinal receptors, thus protecting against myopia. Another suggestion is that the greater amount of physical activity children typically get outdoors prevents myopia. However, studies have now shown that this has little effect.

75. It is openly stated that —-

Myopia is on the rise. The number of children with myopia has doubled in the last 50 years. Globally, it is projected that by 2050 half of the world’s population will be myopic. Although myopia can run in families, environmental factors, such as spending too much time indoors have a large influence. But while evidence shows that modern lifestyle factors contribute to myopia, scientists still are not entirely sure why. For instance, research shows that the amount of time a child spends outdoors can play a significant role in their risk of developing myopia. Not only do most studies show that children who spend more time outdoors are less likely to develop myopia, studies requiring children to spend extra time outdoors during school hours have shown the rate of myopia onset decreased compared with children who did not spend additional time outdoors. But researchers still are not quite sure why this is the case. One theory is that the higher level of light outdoors releases more dopamine into our retinal receptors, thus protecting against myopia. Another suggestion is that the greater amount of physical activity children typically get outdoors prevents myopia. However, studies have now shown that this has little effect.

76. We can understand from the passage that —-

Myopia is on the rise. The number of children with myopia has doubled in the last 50 years. Globally, it is projected that by 2050 half of the world’s population will be myopic. Although myopia can run in families, environmental factors, such as spending too much time indoors have a large influence. But while evidence shows that modern lifestyle factors contribute to myopia, scientists still are not entirely sure why. For instance, research shows that the amount of time a child spends outdoors can play a significant role in their risk of developing myopia. Not only do most studies show that children who spend more time outdoors are less likely to develop myopia, studies requiring children to spend extra time outdoors during school hours have shown the rate of myopia onset decreased compared with children who did not spend additional time outdoors. But researchers still are not quite sure why this is the case. One theory is that the higher level of light outdoors releases more dopamine into our retinal receptors, thus protecting against myopia. Another suggestion is that the greater amount of physical activity children typically get outdoors prevents myopia. However, studies have now shown that this has little effect.

77. What is the primary purpose of the author?

78. – 80. Soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
Ernest Hemingway famously said that writers should “write hard and clear about what hurts”. Although Hemingway may not have known it at the time, research has now shown that writing about “what hurts” can help improve our mental health. There are more than 200 studies that show the positive effect of writing on mental health. But while the psychological benefits are consistent for many people, researchers do not completely agree on why or how writing helps. One theory suggests that bottling up emotions can lead to psychological distress. It stands to reason, then, that writing might increase mental health because it offers a safe, confidential and free way to disclose emotions that were previously bottled up. However, recent studies have begun to show how an increase in self-awareness, rather than simply disclosing emotions, could be the key to these improvements in mental health. In essence, self-awareness is being able to turn your attention inward towards the self. By turning our attention inward, we can become more aware of our traits, behavior, feelings, beliefs, values and motivations. Research suggests that becoming more self-aware can be beneficial in a variety of ways. It can increase our confidence and encourage us to be more accepting of others. It can lead to higher job satisfaction and push us to become more effective leaders.

78. It is pointed out in the passage that Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway famously said that writers should “write hard and clear about what hurts”. Although Hemingway may not have known it at the time, research has now shown that writing about “what hurts” can help improve our mental health. There are more than 200 studies that show the positive effect of writing on mental health. But while the psychological benefits are consistent for many people, researchers do not completely agree on why or how writing helps. One theory suggests that bottling up emotions can lead to psychological distress. It stands to reason, then, that writing might increase mental health because it offers a safe, confidential and free way to disclose emotions that were previously bottled up. However, recent studies have begun to show how an increase in self-awareness, rather than simply disclosing emotions, could be the key to these improvements in mental health. In essence, self-awareness is being able to turn your attention inward towards the self. By turning our attention inward, we can become more aware of our traits, behavior, feelings, beliefs, values and motivations. Research suggests that becoming more self-aware can be beneficial in a variety of ways. It can increase our confidence and encourage us to be more accepting of others. It can lead to higher job satisfaction and push us to become more effective leaders.

79. What is meant by the expression “bottling up emotions”?

Ernest Hemingway famously said that writers should “write hard and clear about what hurts”. Although Hemingway may not have known it at the time, research has now shown that writing about “what hurts” can help improve our mental health. There are more than 200 studies that show the positive effect of writing on mental health. But while the psychological benefits are consistent for many people, researchers do not completely agree on why or how writing helps. One theory suggests that bottling up emotions can lead to psychological distress. It stands to reason, then, that writing might increase mental health because it offers a safe, confidential and free way to disclose emotions that were previously bottled up. However, recent studies have begun to show how an increase in self-awareness, rather than simply disclosing emotions, could be the key to these improvements in mental health. In essence, self-awareness is being able to turn your attention inward towards the self. By turning our attention inward, we can become more aware of our traits, behavior, feelings, beliefs, values and motivations. Research suggests that becoming more self-aware can be beneficial in a variety of ways. It can increase our confidence and encourage us to be more accepting of others. It can lead to higher job satisfaction and push us to become more effective leaders.

80. According to the passage, self-awareness —-